This article covers Medical Tourism and Culturally Competent Response.
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Part II & III: Medical Tourism and Culturally Competent Response
Part II: Editorial
Letter to the editor against Medical Tourism
Subject: Medical Tourism for Terminal Brain Cancer Patients.
Sir/Madam,
Medical tourism is the act of traveling to another nation or continent to seek economical or specialized medical care, recuperation and well-being of acceptable quality with the aid of a support system. Today, during the recent past, it was individuals from undeveloped and developing nations that traveled to developed countries for quality healthcare services. However, the pattern has reversed, with numerous patients from developed countries traveling to other countries to seek these services.
Leveraging evidence-based practice and technological changes has helped advance approaches to the management and treatment of various forms of conditions and diseases such as brain cancer. Due to the different regulations, resources, and capabilities, medical interventions vary from country to country, with some having more approval for treatments deemed as experimental locally. Records from local facilities indicate that most patients in the late stages of brain cancer seek medication in other countries in a bid to curtail the rapid progression of their terminal illness. Though international hospitals have approval a wide range of treatment, the risks of experimental treatment coupled with flying complications, additional costs, and issues of communication and follow-ups are major concerns.
The various risks associated with medical tourism include the probability of the patient developing embolisms due to long flights. The clots may be in the form of pulmonary embolism, which is caused by prolonged immobility (Chamnanchanunt & Rojnuckarin, 2018). Medical tourism can also disrupt the individual’s schedule since the patient may have to commute to their host countries before getting complete care. Patients are more susceptible to medical malpractices as a result of insufficient laws that govern medical practices in various destination countries (Abd et al., 2016). Medical tourism has adversely influenced the healthcare system and the general health and welfare of patients in both departure and destination countries.
Numerous factors should discourage medical tourism. For instance, the blood supplies used by the hospitals, the safety of those blood supplies, the tests done, suppliers of stents and joints, and the forms of regulation and oversight in companies manufacturing them. Also, the information regarding the hospitals available and accessible to consumers for comparison of treatment outcomes and infection rates among the various hospitals.
Even though medical tourism offers cheaper options abroad or better medical interventions, it is imperative to consider the risks to the terminal patient. Perquisites such as the ability to get instant specialized care in the destination country, and post-op care should be carefully considered by the patient with the help of a practitioner. Elevated risks coupled with additional concerns on the regulations, language barriers and gaps in culture in destination countries are the main concerns. Terminal care patients opting for treatment abroad should conduct extensive research on the accreditation of the facilities and ensure they consider the individual risks associated with travelling, getting treatment abroad, using interpreters, facilitators, and susceptibility to medical malpractice.
Yours Faithfully,
Name
Part III: Culturally Competent Response
Phone call script
Me: Good morning, I’m (name), calling from (name of institution). What is your name?
Dolores: Good morning to you too. I am Dolores
Me: I would like to know the precautions you have in place that help care for the infected persons with TB?
Dolores: I always keep the windows open or the fan on during night times, and make sure that my son takes prescribed medicines as well as keeping all doctor’s appointments.
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Me: Would you be interested in scheduling time to learn more and get tested?
Dolores: Yes, I am willing to get tested and learn more about how I can protect my household and myself from contracting TB.
Me: Great. We will send someone from our organization to help you and offer classes. Since chronic illnesses can be challenging to patients and care providers, we think you should get tested and have the necessary forms of interventions.
Dolores: Okay. But I have a very busy schedule. I am always at work and when am not at work, I am home helping my family. Maybe I can make an appointment during my off-hours?
Me: We are flexible on scheduling an appointment, and the visit should only take 10 minutes of your time. We can schedule to meet during your off-hours if that works for you?
Dolores: Yes my off-hours will be okay
Me: Thank you for considering getting tested.
Dolores: Thank you too. I really appreciate for reaching out to me.
Appendix – National Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Healthcare (CLAS) Standards applied
The appendix contains the phone call interview script. The focus of this script is to encourage individuals that take care of TB infected people to get tested. TB is chronically communicable, airborne, and infectious and caregivers are at risk of contracting the illness. Communication and Language Assistance CLAS theme was used to help communicate effectively with the individual through the phone call.
What is the racial and ethnic breakdown of your patient population?
______ Hispanic _______ Latino
_______ White (not Hispanic/Latino)
What patient specific information is documented related to culture and language?
Race _____________________ Education level_______________
Ethnicity ______________ Patient’s primary language______
Primary language of patient’s family_________ Other ____________________
What are the primary languages of your patient population?
References
Abd Mutalib, N., Long, C., Siew, M., Poh, L., & Yee, C. (2016). Medical tourism: Ethics, Risks and Benefits. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 50(2), 261-270.
Chamnanchanunt, S., & Rojnuckarin, P. (2018). Direct Oral Anticoagulants and Travel-Related Venous Thromboembolism. Open Medicine, 13(1), 575-582.
Question
- Performance Task Scenario: Tuberculosis Outbreak
- Communicable and Other Infectious Diseases Reportable in Massachusetts by Healthcare Providers
- Tuberculosis Outbreak Line List
- Demographic Characteristics of Worcester, MA
- Tuberculosis Epidemic Curve
- National Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Healthcare (CLAS) Standards
- Academic Writing Expectations Checklist
Read the document, “Performance Task Scenario: Tuberculosis Outbreak,” and the supporting documents including:
- Communicable and Other Infectious Diseases Reportable in Massachusetts by Healthcare Providers
- Tuberculosis Outbreak Line List
- Demographic Characteristics of Worcester, MA
- Tuberculosis Epidemic Curve
You are a healthcare administrator at Worcester General Hospital (WGH). Create an 18–21 slide presentation, with presenter notes. FOUR SLIDES PER PAGE.The presentation will be shown to the board of directors of WGH. It should describe your proposed plan, step-by-step, for containing this potential tuberculosis (TB) outbreak in partnership with federal, state, and local entities, including the local health department and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Your slide presentation should:
- First, describe the healthcare system in El Salvador, where the patient originated before arrival in Massachusetts.
- Explain the connection between global health issues and local healthcare management, and which Millennium Development Goals and Healthy People 2020 Goals apply to this scenario.
- Explain how infectious diseases are identified and tracked, including an explanation of how the hospital and local health department (LHD) worked together to create the line list, and which locations in the community merit further investigation.
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- Explain at least eight action steps to manage this potential health threat. Describe the collaborative approach between the Massachusetts state and local health department and the hospital to investigate and contain the outbreak.
- Describe at least three responsibilities of the Massachusetts state and local health department in this specific outbreak scenario.
- Explain the role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in responding to an outbreak like the one in the scenario.
- Explain the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in responding to an outbreak like the one in the scenario. Include a description of at least three specific programs or initiatives that illustrate the role of the WHO in public health.
Save this file as HE008_PartI_firstinitial_lastname (for example, HE008_PartI_J_Smith).
Related FAQs
1. What is culturally competent healthcare and why does it matter?
By developing culturally competent healthcare, or healthcare that addresses and respects varied health and wellness beliefs and practices, the United States can begin to address some of the biases its healthcare system perpetuates. It’s possible for the healthcare system to greater represent and treat the majority of the U.S. population.
2. How do international patients learn about medical tourism?
A 2009 survey of an unknown number of international patients at Bumrungrad revealed that most learned about medical tourism through friends, and very few through books and the media, with a quarter of Bumrungrad patients using the internet for information on country destinations and hospitals ( Anon, 2010 ).
3. How can Residency faculty provide culturally responsive mental health assessment?
It is incumbent on residency faculty to teach resident physicians how to provide culturally responsive mental health assessment and intervention/referral knowledge and skills toward the elimination of these disparities and toward patient-centered care.
4. Should health and wellness tourists be allowed to visit the dentist?
Health and wellness tourists can be excluded because of the absence of ‘medical’ procedures, but there is no valid reason to exclude dentistry, audiology, cosmetic surgery or check-ups, even where procedures are limited.