Clinical Practice Portfolio – Neurotransmitters Chart

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Writing Guides for MSN studentsMSNAPA 7

Clinical Practice Portfolio – Neurotransmitters Chart

Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Clinical Practice Portfolio – Neurotransmitters Chart for NU670-8c- Advanced Psychopharmacology and Health Promotion
 Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Clinical Practice Portfolio – Neurotransmitters ChartFunction (Excitatory or Inhibitory)LocationsReceptorsEffects of DeficientEffects of SurplusAgonist DrugAntagonist Drug
Acetylcholine  Excitatory    Several different locations of the brain including striatal complex, the basal forebrain and the medullaAcetylcholine receptors either nicotinic and muscarinic subunitsMemory impairment and brain disordersHaving excess acetylcholine accumulated at the synapses and neuromuscular junctions triggers symptoms of muscarinic and nicotinic toxicity. These symptoms include cramps, lacrimation, and blurry vision amongst others.Include nicotine, choline, epibatidine,obeline, varenicline and cysteine mimic the action of acetylcholineCompete with actions of acetylcholine for example atropine competes for a common binding site on all muscarinic receptors
Dopamine    Both excitatory and inhibitory  Located in the mid brain at the substania nigra and ventra tegmental area. Also found in hypothalamus and arcuate nucleusThere are five types of dopamine receptors with each having a specific function or functions. They are D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5. The functions of D1 include memory, attention, locomotion, regulation of renal function and impulse control.Aches and pains, tremors, spasms, tremors, muscle cramps and muscle stiffnessOne becomes aggressive, competitive, and have poor impulse control. It can lead to gambling, addiction, binge eating and ADHD.Include Bromocriptine, cabergoline, Rotigitine and Apomorphine.Clozepine, Chlorpromazine, promethazine and risperidone.
Endorphins  Inhibitory    Are released from the pituitary gland in response to pain and can act in both the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.Bind with μ-receptors of peripheral nerves thus inhibiting the transmission of pain signalsLeads to depression and headaches Besides decreased feelings of pain, secretion of endorphins leads to feelings of euphoria, modulation of appetite, release of sex hormones, and enhancement of the immune response..methadone and buprenorphine intramuscular heroinNaloxone and naltrexone used in opioid antagonists drugs and as competitive antagonists bind to the opioid receptors without activating the receptors.
GABA    inhibitory  The Limbic system where personal feelings and emotional memories are generated and stored.There are two classes of GABA receptors namely ionotropic receptors( GABAA) and metabotropic receptors(GABABLower than normal levels of GABA in the brain is associate with sleep disorders, anxiety. Depression and schizophreniaCauses hypersomnia or daytime sleepiness.GABA (a) receptor agonists are like alcohol, barbiturates and benzodiazepine. GABA(b) receptor agonists include propofol, sodium oxybate and Baclofen. GABA analogs are like gabapentin, pregabalin and Valproic acidInclude bicuculline, securinine and metrazol Conventionally, these drugs generate a stimulant and convulsant effects hence their use to counter overdose of sedative drugs.
GlutamateExcitatory    Occurs in protein- containing foods like cheese milk and mushrooms but is also produced by the human body.in the CNSGlutamate receptors are found on the dendrites of postsynaptic cells and bind with glutamate released in into the synaptic cleft by presynaptic cellsCauses insomnia, mental exhaustion and difficulties in concentration.Increase cellular activity, leading to over excitation on nerve cells which eventually causes cell death.Cycloutylene AP5 and DCG IV Kainic acid and Quisqualic acidAmantadine,
Glycine  inhibitory    In the brain stem and spinal cord.  Glycine receptors have the function of fast inhibitory transmission in the CNS. Suppress neural firing through hyper polarization that occurs when glycine activates anion channels.  Means the body produces less glutathione that negatively impacts on how one body handles oxidative stress over time.Elevated glycine levels within the brain and cerebrospinal fluid cause’s seizures, breathing difficulties, movement disorders and intellectual disability.D- Alanine L- SerineCan either be selective like Brucine, Tutin and Strychnine or non-selective like Pitrazepin, Caffeine, Pictrotoxin and Bicuculine
Glutamateexcitatory      Occurs in protein- containing foods like cheese milk and mushrooms but is also produced by the human body.in the CNSGlutamate receptors are found on the dendrites of postsynaptic cells and bind with glutamate released in into the synaptic cleft by presynaptic cellsCauses insomnia, mental exhaustion and difficulties in concentration.Increase cellular activity, leading to over excitation on nerve cells which eventually causes cell death.Cycloutylene AP5 and DCG IV Kainic acid and Quisqualic acidAmantadine,
NorepinephrineExcitatory      Produced in the inner  part of the adrenal glands called the adrenal medullaNorepinephrine binds to alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors or adrenoceptors in different tissues. For example in the blood vessels it triggers vasoconstrictive thus increasing blood pressure.Low levels of Norepinephrine is associated with ADHD, lack of concentration, lethargy and even depression.Can lead to panic attacks, elevated blood pressure, euphoria ,and general hyperactivityEpinephrineTricyclic antidepressant, beta blockers and antipsychotics
Serotonin  inhibitory    Primarily found in the enteric nervous system whose location is within the gastrointestinal tract though its production occurs in the CNS.Serotonin membrane depolarization occurs after fast mediation and excitatory responses by 5-HT3 receptors located on neurons in both PNS and CNS.Serotonin Levels below normal are associated with depression, anxiety and sleepExcessive levels of Serotonin  causes mild shivering and diarrhea to severe muscle rigidity , fever, and seizuresSerotonin 5-HT-Receptor Agonists Addyi.almotriptan.Amerge.Axert.eletriptan.flibanserin.Frova.frovatriptan.  5-HT3 antagonists include Dolasetron. Granisetron. Ondansetron. Palonosetron.

Notes: Clinical Practice Portfolio – Neurotransmitters Chart from the NU670-8c- Advanced Psychopharmacology and Health Promotion class

Clinical Practice Portfolio - Neurotransmitters Chart from the NU670-8c- Advanced Psychopharmacology and Health Promotion class
Clinical Practice Portfolio – Neurotransmitters Chart from the NU670-8c- Advanced Psychopharmacology and Health Promotion class

Commonly Used Drugs and Treatment Information Charts:

https://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/Commonly-Used-Drugs-Charts_final_June_2020_optimized.pdf

https://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/nida_commonlyuseddrugs_final_printready.pdf

Withdrawal Sx Chart

https://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/nida_commonlyabused_withdrawalsymptoms_10062017-508-1.pdf

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MSNStudy. (2024, November 13). Clinical Practice Portfolio – Neurotransmitters Chart [Writing guides for MSN students example]. https://msnstudy.com/clinical-practice-portfolio-neurotransmitters-chart/

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